![]() After SR was established, second issue raised that those vector theories of gravity did not comply with SR. ![]() However, physicists gave up this direction before Einstein’s General Relativity (GR), because they realized that such vector theories faced the issue: the potential energy of Newton field is negative. ![]() Historically, Maxwell-type vector field theories of gravity were studied, which described gravity as a physical field. We show that both theories, Maxwell theory (denoted as EM) and Gravito-EM are convertible to each other by converting the e-charge to gravitational charge (g-charge), and vice versa, which we denote as “Ultra-symmetry”. Ampere’s law was derived from the Biot-Savart law 2.īased on the similarity between the Coulomb’s law and Newton’s law, naturally, the same UMFT can be employed to derive Maxwell-type gravitational equations from Newton’s law and the motion of a source, denoted as Gravito-Electromagnetics or Gravito-EM, which provides a clear physical picture of gravity. Recently, Faraday’s law has been derived by curling the Lienard-Wiechert potential 1. Extended-Maxwell equations are derived from UMFT and Coulomb’s law, which demonstrates the validity of UMFT. To mathematically derive Maxwell equations from the Coulomb’s law and velocity of an e-charge, we establish Universal Mathematical Field Theory (UMFT). Maxwell equations related with magnetic field should be mathematically derivable from velocity of e-charge and Coulomb’s law, and thus, are secondary laws. The Coulomb’s law can be established only by experiments and thus, is a primary law Ģ. Now we ask a further question: Is the generation of magnetic fields by a moving e-charge inevitable? The answer is yes. We argue that the answer is not sufficient to explain the above four fundamental differences. The Gravito-Electromagnetics are employed to study the accelerating expansion of the universe, rotation curve, virial theorem, and gravitation radiation.Ī physics student may ask questions: Why the motion of e-charge creates magnetic fields? Does the generation of magnetic fields relate with the Coulomb’s law? The regular answer is that magnetism is the combination of electric field with Special Relativity (SR) and does not relate with the Coulomb’s law. The benefits of the duality are that the effects and phenomena of Electromagnetics may be directly converted to that of gravity. The duality between the Newton’s law and the Coulomb’s law leads us to derive Maxwell-type gravitational equations and Lorentz-type gravitational force by combining UMFT, the Newton’s law and velocity of gravitational source, denoted as Gravito-electromagnetic, which is dual of Electromagnetics. ![]() This derivation mathematically explains how a moving electric charge creates magnetic field, and shows that there is no magnetic monopole charge. ![]() For a source moving with non-spatially-varying velocity Extended-Maxwell equations reduce to Maxwell equations. Utilizing UMFT, Extended-Maxwell equations and the equation of Lorentz force are derived from the combination of Coulomb’s law and velocity of source mathematically, and new effects are predicted. A Universal Mathematical Field Theory (UMFT) is established and states that the combination of the operations of both gradient and divergence of vector fields, such as electric field and velocity field, create the curl of an axial vector field, such as magnetic field. ![]()
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